Identity and Culture Essay -- Cultural Identity Essays

When we think about our identity we often think about the way we look. Such features as hair color, eye color, skin tone, height and weight come to mind. Whilst these features are part of our identity, there are many more complex factors that make us who we are. Whilst psychological issues are paramount to the formation of our identity, I will be addressing the nature of our identity in relation to socio-cultural factors (Austin, 2002, p.9). During the course of this essay I will be discussing the term of Identity and some of the axes of identity, including Race, Class and Gender. It is important to understand some of the significant issues of identity so that we have more of an understanding of who and what we are, which in turn may help us to begin to better understand others. Identity The New English Dictionary (1999) defines identity as "the distinguishing characteristics of a person." Our identity makes us who and what we are. It could be described as a sense of belonging and about having things in common with others (Weeks, 1990, cited in Austin, 2002, p.1). "Identity is a dynamic feature of social life. That is, it is something that is constantly evolving and changing. For some people, identity can change rapidly and dramatically, of course, but for most of us our identities evolve slowly and imperceptibly" (Livesey, n.d., p.1). There are many factors to consider in understanding the process of identity formation. Structuralists believe that we are the product of our society. Therefore there are many environmental and social factors that go into the formation of an identity. For example children that grow up in the bush will have different influences in their lives to children that grow up in the cit... ...d.). "A" Level Sociology, Teaching Notes for Students. Culture and Identity, 6. Sources of Identity. World Wide Web: http://freespace.virgin.net/chris.livesey/cculture.htm [2002, July, 24]. MÃ ¡rquez, C (1999). Empowering Chicanos Through Self-identity. Faculty Mentor: Olga Vasquez, Ph.D., Department of Communication. World Wide Web: http://www.communication.ucsd.edu/LCM/ectsi.html [30 July, 2002]. Weeks, J. (1990). The value of difference. In J. Austin (Ed.), Culture & Identity (pp.1-3). NSW: Pearson Education Australia. Woolfolk, A.E. (1998). Educational Psychology. Seventh Edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. McDonald, Kevin (2000). Pressing Questions: explorations in sociology. Issue two. Pearson Education Australia Pty Ltd.

Computer Crimes versus Traditional Crimes :: Crime Hacker Internet Theft Fraud

Computer Crimes versus Traditional Crimes A computer hacker can steal more with a computer than a weapon. For example, internet auction fraud (i.e., EBay) was by far the most reported offense, comprising 44.9% complaints as opposed to check fraud which made up 4.9% complaints.1 It is my opinion that many crimes involving computers are the same as crimes committed without one and that the computer is just a tool to help aide the criminal in committing the offense. Stealing is a crime and should not be considered different just because a computer is involved. Computer crimes are no different from other crimes, and computer criminals should be held responsible for the damage they cause. In order to determine if computer crimes are the same as non-computer crimes, we must first define what crime is. The broad definition of crime is an offense against public law and the intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or dangerous,2 but there are several types of crime. For instance, robbery is the taking of another’s property either by force or fear with the intent to deprive the owner of the property. Crimes, such as fraud, theft (including identity theft), forgery, and embezzlement, can occur in both the traditional sense (without a computer) or in a more contemporary sense in which computers are used to facilitate the illegal activity. Computer crime, or cyber crime, has been defined as a crime in which a computer plays an essential part. This type of crime is the illegal exploitation of computer technologies most often involving the Internet. In a relatively short period of time, we as a society have witnessed an explosion of technological computer advancements. For instance, today there are over 5 million computers permanently attached to the Internet and at least that many which are only sporadically online compared to only 200 in 1983.3 Based on this wide spread use of the internet, the United States government is desperately attempting to define what constitutes cyber crime and the appropriate punishment associated with the crime. It is very tough to apply the consequences of many of the computer crimes that are being done each day because it is such a recent problem in society. In time I believe it will be much easier to determine who and how people are going about doing illegal activities online, but as of now we don’t have the technology or time to catch all those hackers out there.

E. E. Cummings :: essays research papers fc

The Poetry of E. E. Cummings E. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally. Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number '1' throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The beginning 'l(a' changes to 'le', and 'af' flips to 'fa'. 'll' indicates a quick drop of the leaf, which has slowed by a longer line, 'one'. Finally, the leaf falls into the pile of fallen leaves on the ground, represented by 'iness'. Cummings has written this poem so perfectly that every part of it conveys the message of oneness and individuality (200). In mortals), Cummings vitalizes a trapeze act on paper.

Does the Art of Science Vitiate the Science of Art? Essay

INTRODUCTION   Why there would be ripples in the modern art world, if a 17th century artist is found to have used an instrument to perfect his art? It all started when David Hockney, a British artist, started his research on artists, mainly of the Renaissance Period, when observed some ‘suspicious details’ in the works of Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675), an artist of Holland, who, like many of his contemporaries had failed to make his rank in his time and thus struggled all along, before getting recognized and appreciated posthumously. The fact that he could master only 30 paintings indicates about the roadblocks he had before him.   However, he has been ‘rediscovered’ presently and his works are now lauded for its wonderful details, which are found to be one up in his time, mainly for their precision. The Situation It was that precision, which caught the fancy of David the researcher. Stunned by the perfect perspectives and light distortions in Vermeer’s paintings. David delved deep into matter and came out with a conclusion that Vermeer might have used a refracting device, such as a ‘Camera Obscura’, to achieve that incredible degree of precision in the details in his paintings. Camera Obscura It is one of the early optical instruments, presumed to have been invented in the late Renaissance period, around the time Galileo, the inventor of Telescope. However, Hockney`s new evidence seems to suggest that the usage of magnifying tools like Camera Obscura were there well before that. That’s a good finding. The Art of Science Camera Obscura is a light-tight box with a small whole on one side, through which an image of an outside object can be projected onto a wall or piece of paper. The resulting image will be projected upside down. This is due to the fact that the reflected rays of light, which enter the box, do not spread out but traverse and reorganize, before reappearing as an upside down reflection. The size of the pinhole determines the sharpness of the reflected image, as well as the degree of diffraction and the level of light sensitivity. The narrower the passage of light, the lesser sensitive is the image. Moreover, narrow holes result in sharper projections and a better image resolution – since the resulting circle of confusion, the distortion of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole, will be smaller. This situation also calls to define the resultant diffraction from a particularly small pinhole, which causes a rather unfocused projection of the image. This phenomenon can be explained by the wave theory of light, which states that light behaves like a wave. Diffraction, in this case, refers to the dispersion of waves (light) when passing through the pinhole, which produces a hologram effect. The smaller and closer to the lights’ wavelength the hole is, larger the proportion is in the diffraction pattern, compared to a larger opening. To further increase the brightness and focus of the image, artists started to use a lens instead of the pinhole. It is really heartening to imagine that some of the artists of the Renaissance Period experimented on such nuances of diffraction towards gaining unbelievably realistic, almost photographic paintings. Vermeer’s Endeavor Situations indeed indicate that Vermeer might have used a Camera Obscura to enhance his paintings. Firstly, Vermeer didn’t seem to have used any sort of sketches or preparatory drawings while on his way towards producing paintings with incredibly realistic details and perspective in them. That couldn’t have happened if such works were done manually. His work, â€Å"Soldier and Laughing Girl†, where an amazingly detailed map can be seen hanging on the wall in the background, consolidates this assumption – even after zooming, the map seems to be an exact replication of a map at the time. How could he achieve such precision at one go, if he didn’t use any instrument? Another indication is the presence of bright, round reflections on reflective surfaces. Almost all the reflections in Vermeer’s paintings have an unusually circular shape. We now believe that these round reflections are circles of confusion, which are caused by the imperfection of the lens through which the image is reflected or can occur when the lens is not focused. Such unusually round reflections are distortions of bright areas caused by the shape of the pinhole of the Camera Obscura. One of the most famous examples of such a circle of confusion is the reflection in the girl’s earring in Vermeer`s masterpiece â€Å"The girl with the pearl earring.† Thirdly most of his paintings seem to take place in the same room. A reason for this could have been the size and weight of the apparatus. It might have been too laborious and time consuming to move the optic device in those days. Furthermore, in his painting â€Å"The Music Lesson†, there is a mirror on top of the piano, which reflects the leg of an object, which could have been a Camera Obscura. Science of Art Even though the indications point towards Vermeer’s using of optical instruments, that should be seen as a bold, and nonetheless creative endeavor, which aligns with the intellectual movements of that period – considering the treatise and texts about optics circulated then – only substantiates Vermeer’s contemporary approach towards his work, when people of 17th century had been exploring the possibilities of mirrors and lenses – it was then, even with low quality lenses and bad resolution, Vermeer and his colleagues would have been able to create incredibly detailed pictures. Lastly, the use of such instrument at that time could not have lessened the value of the art. It is assumed, that the painters using a Camera Obscura, merely used the projection of the image as a foundation, a sketch, on which they would paint. Since the projection of the image would be like a movie in color and every movement of the object would distort the artist drawing, only certain features of the object could be taken down on paper, leaving the rest to be done by the artist him/herself. CONCLUSION Artists of 17th century could not be totally dependent on Camera Obscura – they had to add in their own imagination, creativity and hard, manual labor. Attaining precision was just a part of their whole aim, and the attempt to achieve that by using an instrument cannot be hyped as something demeaning in the approach of the artists who did that. It is clear that those artists simply used Camera Obscura to increase precision or shorten the sketching time. There is nothing more in this useless debate, as the choice and combination of colors, the brush strokes, the shading, the technique and much more that take to make a great image, were done all by the artists themselves. To quote Hockney – â€Å"The lens can’t draw a line, only the hand can do that†, would be enough to block this controversy for once and all. Therefore this has nothing to do with any useless debate on the ethical violation of the creative processes involved in painting. It could have been so, if Vermeer did his works with blood, or stole or plagiarize someone else’s idea.

Scholarship

Passion, dedication and time embody a no ordinary volunteer for service and gratitude. Imagining the smiles in the faces of people, especially the less fortunate who have experienced charity is a pretty good feeling knowing that you have given your unconditional time and was able to lend a helping hand. I have shown my spirit of volunteerism for many years now and have been involved in many outreach programs and projects that help communities improve not just their livelihood but also their spiritual growth in many places. Likewise, serving my community church as a Bible study teacher and Usher made me realized how important public service is. This made me grow not to the worst but to the best of my ability to serve for the greater good. With my degree in Human Resource Management and International Relations, I was able to work and assist over 50, 000 Quartermaster Soldiers as a Career Manager with an aim in helping them with their ideal professions or careers. Also, I call myself for response to soldiers who are victims of Sexual Assault in over 85 cases as a Sexual Assault Coordinator while also working as a Unit Victim Advocate. Because of this uncontrollable and worsening abuse, I wanted to go beyond the â€Å"comfort zone† by providing a shelter for battered men and women and do simple but courageous everyday things that will express my deep love and concern for the common abused people. This is the reason why I am dreaming to earn the scholarship offered by the US Army Foundations. Through this, I can be able to help the abused Soldiers and their family members who are victimized by Sexual Assault. Although this dream is but small, the realization of these small actions that we do everyday gives pretty big results because it is through little raindrops that we make big floods. Scholarship I believe I deserve the Bloom Trail Alumni Scholarship because with its assistance the cost of college will be more obtainable. Being able to attend college is important to me because it provides many opportunities for me in making sure I have a successful career and future. By attending college, I will be able broaden my horizon and grown not only as an individual, but more importantly I will be able to grow academically. This fall I will be attending Northern Illinois where I plan to receive my English degree along with my teacher’s certificate. With a teacher’s certificate I want to return to a school similar to Bloom Trail. During my experience here at Bloom Trail I have encountered many opportunities that have shaped these decisions. The diversity here has caused me to look at everything with more of a patient, open approach so I can understand the different personalities I come across. I also have met many teachers along my journey who have affected my decision to further my education in becoming a teacher at a similar school. Even though they probably could have found a job at a better school, they still decided to teach at a school where students need a little more work and someone who has a love for sharing their knowledge and wants to see students succeed. These are the kind of teachers who have pushed me to excel academically instead of just settling for the easy way out. Not only did they push me to do my best educationally, but to also break out of my â€Å"shell† that was holding me back from being someone who could one day make a difference in someone else’s life. Along with these skills, there have been several times I had a lot of pressure on me to meet a certain deadline all while managing the other aspects of my life. These situations have helped me to be a more disciplined and organized individual. With all the chaos of juggling two jobs, a social life, and school going on I’ve still been able to remain a reliable person. My teachers, friends, family, and employers can still count on me to be there when needed and meet my deadlines. So with my skills and experiences I believe I have what it takes to make a good teacher. School is a major aspect in children’s live by helping them shape and mold themselves into for whatever the future has in store for them. I would love to one day be able to say I could do that for someone, and being a teacher would make that possible. Being able to just reach out and touch the life of one child would mean a great deal to me, and with the assistance of your scholarship I will be able to do just that. I will be able to start the next chapter in my life where I look forward to conquering all the obstacles I come across on my journey to one day being able to give back to the community and students just like you have done for me. So I greatly appreciate the opportunity of being considered for this honor and I hope you will be able to make my dreams possible by awarding me your scholarship. Scholarship Passion, dedication and time embody a no ordinary volunteer for service and gratitude. Imagining the smiles in the faces of people, especially the less fortunate who have experienced charity is a pretty good feeling knowing that you have given your unconditional time and was able to lend a helping hand. I have shown my spirit of volunteerism for many years now and have been involved in many outreach programs and projects that help communities improve not just their livelihood but also their spiritual growth in many places. Likewise, serving my community church as a Bible study teacher and Usher made me realized how important public service is. This made me grow not to the worst but to the best of my ability to serve for the greater good. With my degree in Human Resource Management and International Relations, I was able to work and assist over 50, 000 Quartermaster Soldiers as a Career Manager with an aim in helping them with their ideal professions or careers. Also, I call myself for response to soldiers who are victims of Sexual Assault in over 85 cases as a Sexual Assault Coordinator while also working as a Unit Victim Advocate. Because of this uncontrollable and worsening abuse, I wanted to go beyond the â€Å"comfort zone† by providing a shelter for battered men and women and do simple but courageous everyday things that will express my deep love and concern for the common abused people. This is the reason why I am dreaming to earn the scholarship offered by the US Army Foundations. Through this, I can be able to help the abused Soldiers and their family members who are victimized by Sexual Assault. Although this dream is but small, the realization of these small actions that we do everyday gives pretty big results because it is through little raindrops that we make big floods.

The world

There are too many parts In his recordings that do not make sense that lead me to my decision. The accounts of Pocahontas are a major factor that many say make Smiths works not credible. When John Smith was kidnapped by the King of the Photostat Tribe, Pocahontas' dad, they were about to kill him then and there. Side note: they kidnapped Smith just to kill him instead of ailing him during the battle between Smiths men and the Native Americans.Why would they spear Smith's life after they killed all his men? Anyways, right before the King & his men were about to kill him, weapons drawn, this young girl Jumps in and shields Smith from the men. â€Å"Pocahontas with no appeal or petition got his head in her arms and laid her own upon his o save him from death. † She happened to be the king's daughter. She was so brave that she risked her own life Just to save a stranger that was an enemy In her father's eyes. But John Smith does not give us any time of season why Pocahontas did th is for him because when Pocahontas covered him they didn't kill him.Later in the story he records how after he was released, Pocahontas was providing him with food and other things so he wouldn't starve to death. But yet again Smith doesn't record why she is doing this for him, making a reader like me suspicious about his credibility. Maybe she had a crush on him but I don't think they were secretly in love because she was probably too young for him. Throughout Smiths writings in â€Å"A General History' & his accounts of Pocahontas, e makes mostly everything seem to not be his fault.He doesn't tell us or explains to us the wrong decisions he made that lead to his close encounters with death. He makes It seem like he was o innocent. He was proud, arrogant, and boastful, writing in 3rd person about himself, removing himself away from the narrative. He TLD care about the other tribes around his area, stealing food and necessities from them. Even though it was for the good of his own colony or group of people, it still isn't right to steal from others and sin like that, then go on to write about Religion and how people should go about it in the â€Å"New World. Most likely the other tribes will fight back. I question if Smiths recordings of Pocahontas are real because how can Smith get kidnapped & released all because a girl he never met shielded him. Pocahontas saved him and now he gets to go? Why didn't the king search for him? It's funny because Smith refers to the king as a devil and refers to the Native Americans as â€Å"Barbarians. † How was the King the devil if he spared your life and traded with your colony In the future?I think Smith was captured then released on a deal that was dad between him and the King, probably a deal to help the Photostat tribe out because Smith was a smart resourceful man. I don't know why he had to put the Pocahontas story into his recordings instead of just telling the truth, because that accounts of Pocahontas in hi s 1607 recordings, but he mentions the Photostats. It wasn't till his 1624 recordings 20+ years later, that he mentions Pocahontas long after she died. So now we don't have any witnesses or any accounts from Pocahontas about what really happened or if the story is fabricated and never actually appended.I believe Smiths accounts in â€Å"A description of new England† are credible. He drew maps for future colonies and focused heavily on religion, encouraging people to come to the New World. But I do not think he cared about any of these things. He probably wanted people come to so he could make money by promoting the World, because maybe somebody was paying him. He probably sold the maps he drew to the people he was recruiting to come to the new World. To conclude my paper I tell you again that I do not believe that John Smith was a reducible writer.If he explained the things that happened in the Photostat tribe more thoroughly, I think I would have a change of mind about his c redibility. Why would a young girl who is a stranger to Smith save his life twice for no reason? Why wouldn't Smith explain why she does these things? The king released Smith and later became friends with him, why? That makes no sense. A normal person would be confused as am while reading this. As I said if one story isn't believable, it makes me question all his other accounts of what happened. The World The world’s biggest software maker felt that it had been robbed, so much so that they posted a high-level summary of 235 patents that were allegedly violated by Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), including the Linux Kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org, and others . Microsoft does not play when it comes to patent infringement, but did they have a case? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ So if Microsoft ever sued Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows.It's a cold war, and what keeps the peace is the threat of mutually assured destruction: patent Armageddon an unending series of suits and countersuits that would hobble the industry and its customers. † (Parloff may 28, 2007). Shortly after that, Microsoft entered into a series of three contracts with Novell, one of which was a patent agreement that basically said, â€Å"Don’t sue us and we won’t sue you. † So now the qu estion is â€Å"At the time of the scenario, some dire consequences were predicted for FOSS. How has FOSS fared since then? † From what I have researched so far FOSS generally has still faired fairly well through the whole ordeal.The GNU still viewed as a pinnacle for open source software and distribution. The Deal with Novell was made to walk around the GPL of the GNU and expose loop holes for Microsoft’s gain but also creating a pressing dilemma for the GNU. The deal struck between Novell and Microsoft was a â€Å"we don’t sue you and you don’t sue us† which indicates that not only was FOSS involved in patent infringement but also Microsoft. The Deal included over 200 million dollars to Novell and 43 Million to Microsoft for â€Å"license distribution† of Novells’ Server software.Linux has grown from its earlier days as a fringe operating, evolving more and becoming more wide spread as a use for servers. What impact have these event s made since then, or will they make? The threat of a lawsuit had little if any impact on the free open source market at all. People continued to download just about anything these days. Why you ask? It simple, FOSS has good quality codes that can be changed, shared, copied at will, and downloaded. It's adaptable and it can be tailored to perform almost any large-scale computing job and it is almost crash proof.Software that is free is good to anybody no one can deny that. Many individuals that used open source applications on their smart devices, as well as large companies which use these applications for daily activity for their need in their company. FOSS is great for everyone because it can be shared, copied, changed and of course downloaded. FOSS is not going anywhere just for the reason being that it’s free. Has FOSS been hurt, helped, or neither? Big corporate companies have been changing their philosophy on open source software since Microsoft posted their findings in 2006.Major corporations like IBM, Oracle and Google have been using FOSS. They are big allies to FOSS so in my opinion I think it has helped them because then other small companies that actually look up to these powerful corporations would later start using FOSS. When something is starting to being used and downloaded on a constant basis, this means it’s becoming popular and it is in high demand. So it has helped them since then. Free software is great, and corporate America loves it. What in FOSS’s or Microsoft’s actions against FOSS has changed since then?Microsoft actions towards FOSS since then allegations were published is to get paid, the company is trying to still get royalties from developers that use FOSS. After the deal between Novell and Microsoft, Novell continued getting open source software getting their royalties and charging for them instead of being free. Microsoft did not sued FOSS but are lobbying their hardest (unsuccessfully I might add) in getting most of the large corporations to not join or ally themselves with FOSS. Bibliography Parloff, R. CNN Money, â€Å"Microsoft Takes on the Free World. † Last modified may 28,2007. Accessed July 29, 2012. http://money. cnn. com.

Dissertation Writing Essay

A dissertation basically refers to a treatise that is stating a certain academic position; it is a lengthy study backed by intensive research with an aim of making a vital contribution to a specific field of study or topic. The key to writing an excellent dissertation lies in conducting an extensive and rigorous research. There are a number of requirements that have to be put into consideration if a research project is to be successful. A research project is meant to contribute to an existing body of knowledge and not in any way be applied for any individual’s self-enlightment. It should not be conducted for the sole purpose of comparing data or show the existing differences or relationship between any two set pf data Finally the question; to be tackled should not be limited to either yes or no answers. A yes or no answer will not contribute to the studies as per the core of the dissertation. The knowledge gathered in research project should be geared towards providing important insights about the topic or the research problem (S. Joseph l. 2007) I have a lot of interest in health studies and have in the past engaged in a lot of research on the various aspects and problems affecting the human body and the solutions to such problems. The past researches have seen me contribute to the existing body of knowledge and were in no way meant for self-enlightment. The nature of the research problem: â€Å"Evaluation and management of patient with cardio-Pulmonary diseases† is itself an indicator that the solutions will not be found by comparing any set of data or show any inter-relationships or differences existing between that data. The research aims at looking at the ways to provide effective management of cardio- pulmonary diseases in an effort to fill any existing gaps. Many researches have been conducted but have not been comprehensive and may have left certain gaps. This will be the sole drive of this dissertation. Question 3 Cardiopulmonary disease refers to diseases that inhibit the function-ability of the heart and the lungs. These diseases can have a long time impact on a person physical and mental well standing. Randie A, et al, 1999). A large proportion of the population continues to search for ways to enable them cope with heart ailments and complications. These complications are among the most of the highest killers. Many more are at a higher risk of getting cardio-pulmonary diseases as time passes by, especially as they advance in age. Management of these ailments involves astronomical costs raging from hospitalization and medical costs. The government, individuals, and the employees feel these costs. This cost is in terms of the direct costs in addition to disability expenses. (www. cardiumhealth. com) A lot of research has been conducted in this aspect. This research seeks to explore further this topic. It will focus at filling the gaps that have been left by the prior researchers. Management of many health complications and issues need to be not only cost efficient but also meant to endure that hope and effective care is given to the patients. It should be geared towards ensuring that the patients are healthy and remain productive. Hence the research problem would aim at looking at ways through which management of patients with cardiopulmonary disease can be done cost effectively. It aims to provide more information towards how this can be achieved as well as evaluating the existing patient management methods and (criteria) and how they can be improved to meet this objective. Questions 2 The problem statement for the dissertation topic is:† Ensuring cost effective evaluation and management of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. Cost effectiveness refers to provision of certain services or goods with the minimum possible costs. It is not meant rather to compromise the quality of those services. Management of any disease is a costly affair and takes toll on those all involved. There are many ways through which these diseases can be managed but they involve high costs that are increasingly becoming hard to meet as the ailments become more prevalent in the population. The nature of care and health needs for an individual patient would vary depending on the level of recovery. Some may be acute while others are outpatient. Specific demands of the individuals would mean specific cost levels (NYU Medical Centre, 2007). The costs would vary from nursing, therapy, counseling alongside many others. Management of cardiopulmonary disease would involve coming up with ways through which the patients would access self-care, proper medication, and information on proper nutrition and a healthier lifestyle (www. vnsny. org). A research conducted in this line would provide vital information on how the above activities would be provided cost effectively. It would be able to address more on a topic that has overtime been widely tackled but has failed to provide a definite solution, not just in heart and lungs complications but also on other health complications as many revolve around the same key issues. Again this research recognizes the need of quality care and hence will not seek at reaching a method that compromises the quality of health care to reduce on costs. If properly conducted it will provide answers and save on costs associated with management of these diseases. The reviewed research problem statement for the dissertation would be: â€Å"Ways for coming up with cost effective ways of evaluating and managing patients with cardio-pulmonary diseases. † The initial problem statement is not grammatically correct and could not make a lot of sense on its own. The statement starts with a continuous verb- â€Å"ensuring†, this is not understandable at a first glance. The statement as it stands does not offer a reader enough clues as to what the research is going to focus on, it is not clear what is the appropriate link between cost effectiveness and cardio-pulmonary diseases. A good research statement should be able to provide a sense of inter-relationship between the problem and the dissertation topic. It fails also to provide a limit or the point of focus that the research is to take. A research problem statement should provide a clear guidance on the content of the research or the study. It should have clear demarcated limits of the research. It should provide a specific scope to guide the research on what is to be tackled and what is to be left out. The initial problem statement is too general and is confusing to a reader. A researcher might be misguided to focus on the different ways of managing patients with cardio-pulmonary diseases and fail to come up with the best cost effective methods for these diseases management. A good statement hence should be one that points out clearly what is expected of the research in a manner that is devoid of any ambiguities. It should be all comprehensive and not meant to confuse the reader on what specifically it is aiming to investigate by giving a general idea of the objective and the purpose of the study. The edited version of the research answer will provide the solutions the study is looking for. Looking at it will give a clear and informative idea of what the paper will entail, it gives a limit and the scope, which the researcher will follow. It will limit the researcher to the best and the most cost effective way of evaluating and managing cardiopulmonary diseases with no room for irrelevancy (web. mit. edu) The way the statement has been framed ensures that the researcher comes with the necessary answers to the arising questions. It has no room for a yes or no answer or any need to make comparisons. The solutions will be elaborative and seeking to give the specific methods for cost efficiency. In tackling this research problem, the researcher will have to conduct intense research, gathering of data and relevant information. It will include the use of case studies, questionnaires, and interviews among other data collection strategies. The researcher will have to interview experts in the health field as well as the patients to get a grasp of the situation at hand. This will take time. It will also require a high allocation of financial resources to cater for all those requirements. A critical analysis of this research problem leaves no doubt in my mind that this is exactly what I would wish to investigate. I wish to scrutinize the ways that can be used to bring cost efficiency in patient’s management. For further analysis of the appropriateness of the research problem, I showed it to my colleagues in class for their review. Opinion was that the research problem statement requires more revision to ensure that it captures all aspects of the existing research problem and what the research seeks to tackle.  The revised problem statement would be: â€Å"What would it take to ensure cost efficiency in evaluation and management of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases? † Developing the dissertation topic or title is one of the most laborious tasks. List of research topics should be made in the bid to evaluate and choose the best and the most striking title. (www. unc. edu). An evaluation of the above checklist will provide a useful insight for arriving and developing the best dissertation topic. In choosing dissertation topic, it is imperative that one analyses what he/she is best at. It would be a plus to research a topic that you are well versed with its major concepts and that you have a lot of interest in to avoid generalization (www. c. s. purdue. edu). The fact that a research is not conducted for a persons own self interest does not mean that one should not pick a topic that he/she has interest in, what it means is that the researcher should not use that opportunity to satisfy his personal curiosities but rather should aim at researching for knowledge’s sake. In selecting this dissertation topic it is important that I ensure that the topic I have chosen is appropriate to my studies, it should be appropriate to the subject at hand. The topic should not be very wide as not to be manageable due to the possible time constraints. I will also have to put into consideration my instructors interest, it should be a topic that they will approve of and something they believe is within my scope of studies (www. disertation-writing. net). It is advisable to incorporate my peers view on the appropriateness of my topic, through their review I can get important tips to apply when selecting that topic. The importance of originality should be underscored, this makes the topic should have a sense of novelty and be interesting to the researcher as well as the reader as it seeks to unearth discoveries that have not been there before. The topic should be created and not stumble upon or found in the library books (Dr. Sally Jensen, 2000). These tips as well the above-learnt checklists should assist me to come up with an appropriate topic for my dissertation.